作者： admin

At 13: 00 local time on August 24, Japan,

Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant "processed"

Nuclear polluted water starts to discharge into the sea.

After 17 minutes,

Nuclear polluted water flows into the Pacific Ocean through the subsea tunnel.

Since the Fukushima nuclear accident

The cumulative collection of nuclear contaminated water has reached more than 1.3 million tons.

According to Japan’s sea-discharging plan

It is expected to last for 30 years

This will affect you and me.

Things that affect everyone around you.

Everyone is very concerned.

What’s in the water that discharges into the sea?

How big is the impact of nuclear sewage on human body?

How do we deal with it?

What’s in the water that discharges into the sea?

Gao Zhiguo, president of the China Society for the Law of the Sea and former judge of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, said: From the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in 2011 to Japan’s decision to discharge into the sea in 2021, the nuclear polluted water has accumulated about 1.38 million tons, and it is increasing by about 100 tons every day, and its more than 1,100 water storage tanks will have no storage space this year. Because Japan has never disclosed real data, there are about 1.5 million tons of nuclear polluted water now, and the discharge time may be as long as 30 to 50 years. Now the biggest concern of the international community, including neighboring countries and stakeholders, is that these nuclear radioactive elements and substances will enter the marine environment. Japan has been misleading that "the problem lies only in tritium", but many scientists in the world have a consensus that there are as many as 64 kinds of nuclear radioactive elements in nuclear polluted water, and more than 70% of them exceed the standard, and it is difficult for multi-nuclide equipment to completely dispose of them.

After these radioactive elements enter the marine ecological environment, tritium may not be the most dangerous, but carbon -14 and iodine -129 are the most harmful to human beings and marine life. The half-life of carbon -14 is about 5370 years, and the half-life of iodine -129 is even longer, about 15.7 million years. Carbon -14 will accumulate in marine organisms, that is, fish, and the abundance or concentration of carbon -14 accumulation may be 50 times that of tritium.

Seiji Goto, a Japanese engineering and technical expert, said that he was engaged in the containment design of nuclear reactors and had been paying attention to the dynamics of the Fukushima nuclear polluted water discharge plan. He believes that the so-called "treated water" treated by multi-nuclide removal equipment not only contains tritium that cannot be removed, but also contains a variety of other radioactive substances, which can not be underestimated after entering the human body.

How big is the impact of nuclear sewage on human body?

How serious will the consequences be if Japan insists on pushing the sea exclusion plan? What changes will happen to the human body after encountering nuclear radiation? If you don’t directly encounter nuclear radiation, just eat food contaminated by nuclear radiation, how big is the impact on the human body?

"These nuclides are very likely to be absorbed by the human body through various channels." Wei Fangxin, a researcher at the Nuclear and Radiation Safety Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, said.

one

Three ways for nuclides to enter the body

1. Dietary intake, fish enriched with nuclides are likely to be eaten by humans.

2. Breathing intake, nuclides entering the sea may enter the air through transpiration.

3. If the content of nucleolin in a specific sea area is extremely high, the human body may be directly irradiated into the body when it comes into contact with the sea area.

２

The harm may appear in several years.

How much harm will these nuclides bring when they enter the human body?

Seiji Goto, a Japanese engineering and technical expert, said: After radioactive substances enter the human body, there are various destruction paths. For example, cesium will affect the thyroid gland, strontium will invade the bones, and even a small amount will cause great damage to local organs, and the risk of local cancer will increase. The radiation risk of radioactive materials is completely ignored, which is a big problem.

Yu Wen, a researcher at the School of National Security and Emergency Management of Beijing Normal University, said: "The effects of radionuclides on health will accumulate over time, and it may take years or even decades to show up. How much impact the Fukushima nuclear polluted water will have on the sea is related to the total amount of emissions, nuclide types and individual factors. "

How do we deal with it?

After entering the marine environment, the nuclear polluted water will first be transported by ocean currents and spread to different oceans. Yu Wen said that according to the previous monitoring of the Fukushima nuclear accident, most pollutants will spread eastward and then cross the entire Pacific Ocean. A small part of pollutants will also enter the southwest through the spread of membrane water in the western Pacific, and it will take about one and a half to two years to enter China’s waters. The macro simulation results in Tsinghua University show that the nuclear waste water will reach the coastal waters of China within 240 days after discharge.

On August 24th, Japan started the discharge of nuclear polluted water from Fukushima into the sea. The General Administration of Market Supervision attaches great importance to food safety and price supervision. On the basis of investigating and rectifying the potential safety risks of imported food in the early stage, we will deploy local market supervision departments to further strengthen food safety supervision, urge food producers and operators to strictly abide by food safety laws and regulations and relevant provisions on imported food, prohibit food producers and operators from purchasing and using aquatic products (including edible aquatic animals, the same below) originating in Japan to process food, make meals or sell them (including online sales), strengthen food safety sampling and monitoring of imported aquatic products sold in the market, and investigate and deal with relevant illegal acts in strict accordance with the law.

At the same time, the General Administration of Market Supervision deployed all localities to strengthen salt price monitoring, strengthen analysis and early warning, establish a "through train" mechanism with relevant Internet platforms, and keep abreast of abnormal price fluctuation information and illegal behavior clues. Intensify the enforcement of price supervision, strictly investigate the illegal acts of hoarding, fabricating and spreading price increase information, and publish typical cases in time.

In addition, China Salt Industry Group Co., Ltd. issued a statement on the 24th in response to the phenomenon of salt snapping up in some markets. China National Salt Group said that China implements fixed-point production management of salt, and the sources of salt in China are mainly divided into three categories: well salt, lake salt and sea salt. At present, the proportion of salt products in China is 87% of well salt, 10% of sea salt and 3% of lake salt. The production of well salt and lake salt is not affected by nuclear pollution in Japan.

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is located in an inland province, and the salt market in the region is mostly well-mine salt and lake salt. At present, the sea salt products listed and stocked in the region are of high quality and safety.

In response to the salt rush in some regional markets, e-commerce and some supermarkets have short-term shortages. Zhongyan Group said that it is accelerating production and distribution and going all out to ensure market supply. At present, the supply of salt reserves is sufficient, so please consume rationally from all walks of life and don’t snap up blindly.

On the 25th, Mengyan Group issued a statement on ensuring the supply of salt market: Mengyan Group will continue to shoulder the social responsibility of state-owned enterprises, take effective measures to effectively ensure the supply and price stability of salt market in our region, and invite all sectors of society to consume rationally.

Ejinaoer Salt Company, which belongs to Mengyan Salt Group, is a national AAA-level designated salt production enterprise. It has Ejinaoer Lake salt production area located 25 square kilometers deep in Dongwuqi grassland of Xilin Gol League. The salt production capacity of the main mother lake brand "Daqing Salt" and "Grassland Lake Salt" reaches 150,000 tons/year, which is stable and far from pollution. It can not only meet the salt demand in the region, but also supply the salt to the market outside the region. In order to enrich the salt products, there are inland wells and mines.

Original title: "Nuclear sewage has been discharged into the sea, what is in the water? How big is the impact on the human body? How do we deal with it? 》

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　　What should I do when I encounter online fraud, when I encounter rumors and slanders, and when teenagers are infringed by obscene or violent information on the Internet? Be sure to think of 12377 at the first time!

　　At present, many criminals have set their sights on the field of "cyber crime", and from time to time, there will be cases in which people encounter cyber fraud. This is because, on the one hand, the cost of crime is low, on the other hand, the success rate of "collecting money" through the Internet remains high. During the second National Cyber Security Publicity Week, the organizers organized a series of activities to make the general public more alert to illegal and bad information on the Internet. This time, Zhang Chenggang, director of the Internet Illegal and Bad Information Reporting Center (hereinafter referred to as the "Reporting Center"), accepted an interview with the reporter to let the public know more about the reporting center and listen to how he taught the general public to reduce the harm of illegal and bad information on the Internet through "reporting".

????What is the report center for?

　　The reporting center was established in 2005. In May last year, it was transferred to the National Internet Information Office (hereinafter referred to as the "National Network Information Office") for direct management. The duties of the reporting center are: to accept and dispose of the public’s reports of illegal and bad information on the Internet; Guide websites all over the country to carry out reporting work; Conduct international exchanges and report harmful information that violates China laws and regulations and infringes on national interests to overseas websites.

　　The scope of reporting includes domestic websites, forums, communities, blogs, Weibo and other interactive platforms, instant messaging tools such as WeChat and QQ, storage tools such as network disks and cloud disks, and all kinds of illegal and bad information spread by various Internet applications such as mobile clients and application stores; It also contains illegal and bad information such as overseas websites infringing on China’s national interests and involving violent videos.

　　In fact, the reporting center is not far from people’s lives. Zhang Chenggang said that in people’s daily life, they can report to the reporting center when they encounter telecom and online fraud, find obscene and pornographic information on the website, or encounter online rumors. The specific report content mainly includes the "seven bottom lines" such as violation of laws and regulations, socialist system, national interests, citizens’ legitimate rights and interests, social public order, morality and fashion, and information authenticity. These illegal and bad information can be accepted by the report center.

????Four reporting channels are unimpeded 24 hours a day.

　　In order to facilitate people’s reporting, the reporting center has set up four reporting channels. They are:

　　1. Call 12377 for 24 hours;

　　2. Browse the website of the reporting center (www.12377.cn) to report;

　　3. Send an email to jubao@12377.cn to report;

　　4. Download the mobile client "Report 12377" to the mobile phone and report it at any time.

　　In addition, Zhang Chenggang introduced that the entrance to the reporting center has been set up on the home pages of major news websites, and people can report at any time.

　　According to official data, in 2014, the reporting center accepted about 1.1 million reports. Among them, about 80% is obscene and pornographic information, about 10% is information about fraud and gambling, the third analogy is more harmful political information, especially audio and video that promotes violence and terror, and the fourth category is information about people’s personal privacy or reputation being violated.

　　According to Zhang Chenggang, according to the analysis results of the latest report data, obscene and pornographic harmful information has a new communication feature, that is, it develops to the mobile terminal and cloud storage, such as using network disk to spread, or spreading through Weibo, WeChat, QQ, etc., and obscene and pornographic information spreads more widely by relying on the mobile Internet, which has also caused troubles for relevant departments to obtain evidence. Therefore, when people encounter this kind of situation, they must report it in time, so that the criminals can be brought to justice more quickly.

????How to report more effectively?

　　In order to improve the efficiency of reporting, Zhang Chenggang reminded the general public to provide evidence that is beneficial to the investigation and evidence collection of relevant functional departments as much as possible when reporting. For example, chat records with online fraudsters, transfer records of bank cards, Alipay, etc. Zhang Chenggang reminded the general public that when encountering illegal and bad information on the Internet, reporting it at the first time can effectively prevent the spread of such information. When encountering obscene, pornographic and violent information, people only need to submit the specific website to the reporting center, and the staff will quickly dispose of it according to the source of the reported information.

　　When encountering online fraud, you must report the case to the local public security department at the first time. And keep as much evidence as possible, including bank payment records or transfer documents, screenshots of complete chat records that can reflect communication accounts, screenshots of total recall, SMS records, and emails. After that, the public security department’s receipt for receiving the police or filing a case, evidence materials, illegal website addresses, illegal instant messaging accounts, etc. should be submitted to the reporting center. Doing so will not only hopefully recover the losses that have been caused, but also effectively prevent criminals from cheating others.

????Report what the director of the center wants to say to you.

　　Zhang Chenggang said that at present, the reporting center receives about 1,000 pieces of fraudulent information every day. He reminded the general public to be cautious when encountering suspicious online links. It is very rare to know that "stuffing cakes are missing from the sky". However, if you are required to provide links such as ID number, telephone number, bank card number or Alipay account number, the "mystery" of online fraud may be hidden.

　　In addition, many people’s legal awareness is relatively weak. Faced with false and rumor information circulating on the Internet, many people do not have the awareness of "not believing in rumors, not spreading rumors", and some will actively create or spread rumors. According to the latest judicial interpretations of the two courts, if the same defamatory information is actually clicked and viewed more than 5,000 times, or forwarded more than 500 times, it can be considered as’ serious circumstances’ as stipulated in the first paragraph of Article 246 of the Criminal Law, which can constitute the crime of libel. This kind of seemingly insignificant information may have violated the bottom line of the law when it is forwarded at will.

　　It is reported that one of the important sections of the second cyber security publicity week is to focus on youth cyber security publicity and education, and set up a national cyber security youth science base. In order to reduce the possibility of teenagers being infringed by illegal and bad information on the Internet as much as possible, the reporting center has also made a lot of efforts. For example, during the winter and summer vacations, the reporting center will issue tips such as "How to protect minors from harmful information on the Internet" to make teenagers and their parents more alert. During the Spring Festival, the reporting center will release simple and easy-to-understand tips such as "Top Ten Forms of Internet Fraud and Preventive Measures" to make people more careful. Before the second security week, the report center also participated in the activities of entering the community, so that people can get a close look at the report center and think of reporting it at the first time when they encounter online fraud.

　　Although the number of reports received by the reporting center every day has kept the staff busy, Zhang Chenggang also hopes that more netizens will participate in the reporting work, because purifying the network environment will not only benefit others, but also help themselves. He hopes that the general public will not only keep in mind the five numbers "12377" during the security week, but also actively report illegal and bad information on the Internet, so that illegal information on the Internet will disappear under the supervision of the general public. (China Netcom Chai Shasha)

　　In 2022, the total output of bicycles in China exceeded 51 million, and these bicycles can circle the earth more than 2 times end to end. Once a "bicycle kingdom", it is still a bicycle country. But who would have thought that the bicycle industry in China, which is world-renowned, still faces the dilemma that key parts are "stuck" in some high-end varieties.

　　Behind the above phenomenon, it reflects the common problems encountered in the transformation and upgrading of traditional manufacturing industries, including the bicycle industry.

　　The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that to promote the transformation and upgrading of China’s manufacturing industry and build a manufacturing power, we must strengthen technology research and development, improve the localization substitution rate, and take the lifeline of science and technology into our own hands, so that the country can truly become strong.

　　At present, the key technology "stuck neck" and the brand "more but not stronger" are puzzling most domestic bicycle enterprises, and the high-quality development of bicycle industry is still difficult. On the new journey of building a manufacturing power, how should bicycle enterprises find another way, constantly shape their own brands and advantages, and form the competitiveness and influence of China bicycle enterprises in the global market? All these require enterprises to give answers in innovation and change.

　　Supply:

　　Why are high-end models in short supply?

　　"It was really ‘ A car is hard to find ’ The customer wants to buy, but the goods can’t get in. " Bai Xuekui, the manager of Merida Public Welfare Bridge Store in Fengtai District, Beijing, still remembers the situation in the second half of 2022. "This situation was very common in the Beijing bicycle market at that time."

　　The Tianjin market has also felt changes. Li Qiuju, assistant to the president of Golden Wheel Group and manager of Hundred Guest Houses, said: "Last year, road bicycles suddenly burst into flames, and many riders were looking for them everywhere. This year, in the Bike Life Experience Hall of Baikeyu, the average sales volume of folding bikes and mountain bikes also increased by about 10% compared with previous years. "

　　Is the shortage of supply a local phenomenon or an overall situation, or is it the hype of bicycle dealers?

　　Guo Wenyu, vice chairman and secretary general of China Bicycle Association, told reporters that in the second half of 2022, especially in the fourth quarter, the phenomenon of "one car is hard to find" for high-end bicycles in first-tier cities including Beijing is more prominent, but not in second-and third-tier cities. According to incomplete statistics, since 2022, the domestic sales of high-end sports bicycles have increased by more than 30%.

　　The dealer’s feelings were passed on to the whole vehicle enterprise. Jinghai District of Tianjin is known as the "Bicycle and Electric Bicycle Capital of China", and the market share of brand bicycles in the area reaches 25%. During the interview here, from time to time, you will see a van full of bicycle parts whizzing by.

　　"Last year, the supply of mid-to high-end models was in short supply." Guo Fangcheng, general manager of Giant (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. introduced that Giant Tianjin Company has an annual output of about 1.2 million bicycles, and 85% of its products are sold domestically, and most of them belong to mid-to high-end models. "At that time, corporate inventory was empty, and high-end cars, road cars and some online celebrity cars were even more sought after. This year, the situation has eased."

　　Guo Wenyu believes: "Affected by the epidemic, individuals are more willing to travel by bike. Coupled with the rise of leisure and fitness concepts, the market demand for bicycles has increased significantly. In addition, in the second half of 2022, due to the closure of the epidemic, the production capacity of some parts manufacturing enterprises was less than expected, resulting in a decline in vehicle output. "

　　"Appear ‘ A car is hard to find ’ The main reason is the lack of high-end parts, especially the lack of high-end bicycle transmissions. In addition to waiting for a long delivery period, domestic enterprises can only stock up in advance or seek domestic substitution. " Zhang Xudong, vice president of Tianjin Kelin Vehicle Industry Co., Ltd. said.

　　How tight is the high-end transmission? Lin Jing, assistant to the chairman of Shenzhen Xidesheng Bicycle Co., Ltd., gave an example. At that time, a brand of high-end transmission often had to increase the price to buy it. In order to get the goods, local dealers often risk default and place the same order with three vehicle manufacturers. "As long as you get the goods, even if you pay 20% of the liquidated damages, it is better than nothing to sell." Lin Biao said.

　　High-end transmissions are so scarce, why don’t manufacturers increase production capacity? This can’t help but mention Shimano.

　　According to reports, Shimano is a multinational group company specializing in manufacturing and selling bicycle parts, fishing gear, snowboarding and golf supplies, headquartered in Japan. According to the data, two brands, Shimano in Japan and Speedlink in the United States, occupy the vast majority of the global bicycle transmission market, and Shimano’s shipments account for more than 60% of the global market.

　　According to another data, the annual demand for bicycle transmissions with a price above 1,000 yuan in China is about 8 million sets, and 95% of the market share is in the joint efforts of Shimano and Speed, among which Shimano accounts for the bulk. This means that Shimano’s every move on the transmission will have an impact on the middle and high-end bicycle market.

　　In 2022, due to the closure of the epidemic, some parts factories of Shimano in Southeast Asia and other places stopped production, and the delivery date of transmission parts was uncertain, resulting in insufficient production capacity.

　　The increase in demand meets the shortage of supply, which intensifies the shortage of high-end transmissions.

　　The reporter interviewed the bicycle department of Shimano (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd. Staff said that since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020, the global demand for bicycles has soared, and all brands have set positive sales targets. Shimano has also received orders far exceeding its own production capacity. Despite the efforts of the company’s factories to increase production capacity, it still cannot meet the rapidly increasing market demand.

　　Will the situation of "one car is hard to find" continue? Some companies are optimistic about the market outlook.

　　Lin Jing predicts that mid-to high-end cars will still sell well. The person in charge of a vehicle enterprise said that from the perspective of spare parts supply, the supply of low-end cars is sufficient, and the delivery period of high-end bicycles is relatively long because of their small demand.

　　The staff of the bicycle department of Shimano (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd. said: "At present, the delivery time of most products of the company has been greatly improved, especially the delivery time of entry-level products has basically returned to normal. According to the current market situation, the company will face the pressure of overcapacity, so the production plan will be adjusted accordingly according to the actual market demand." Accordingly, some dealers have judged that the shortage of mid-to high-end models has been alleviated.

　　At present, the bicycle inventory of big brands is still at a high level, and the overall inventory is mainly digested. Xu Weiyao, deputy general manager of the business department of Shenzhen Xinlong Health Industry Development Co., Ltd., believes that in the case of downward market demand, low-end commuter cars will not only be hard to find, but also be surplus and even have a price war.

　　Experts in the industry said that "one car is hard to find" for high-end bicycles, which fundamentally reflects the problem of insufficient supply of high quality and is the embodiment of structural contradictions in the bicycle industry. If China wants to grow from a big bicycle country to a powerful bicycle country, it needs to further improve its product structure, make efforts to lay out the mid-to high-end market and make up for the short board of "transmission".

　　R&D:

　　How to break through the bottleneck of transmission

　　To solve the problem of insufficient quality supply in bicycle industry, we must find a way in technology research and development. For bicycles, the most difficult thing to develop is the transmission.

　　China has the manufacturing industry with the most complete industrial categories and the most complete industrial system in the world. So many major technological bottlenecks can be broken. Why is it difficult to independently develop a small bicycle transmission?

　　When the reporter met Liu Chunsheng, the founder of Zhuhai Blueprint Controller Technology Co., Ltd., he was communicating with foreign customers about the transmission experience. This "post-70 s" man is less than 50 years old and his hair is gray. He joked that he had made a fool of himself for the domestic transmission.

　　He’s not the only one who’s survived. Liu Weibing, the general manager of Suruida Bicycle Parts (Foshan) Co., Ltd., is about the same age as Liu Chunsheng, and also has white hair.

　　Both of them are from American Speedlink Company, and they also joined the field of transmission manufacturing after American Speedlink withdrew from the mainland of China. Years of immersion have given them a deeper understanding of transmission development.

　　Transmission is not only a single component, but also a complex system, and now it has almost become a standard for bicycles. In order to complete the speed change of bicycle, more than 100 parts including tooth plate, flywheel, front shift and rear shift need to be coordinated.

　　To put it bluntly, many domestic manufacturing enterprises can produce this set of parts, and the technical content is not high. To make it easy, these enterprises can only produce low-end products, and there are very few high-end products that have been mass-produced

　　Liu Chunsheng introduced that Japanese Shimano has a history of 100 years, and American Speedlink has been established for more than 30 years. Domestic transmission enterprises have not started for a long time and have not accumulated enough. However, the gap not only exists in the insurmountable time accumulation and the number of products, but also is subject to patent technical barriers.

　　It is understood that Shimano has applied for more than 6,000 patents in the world, and more than 2,500 patents in China. "A simple transmission has such a huge patent layout that it basically locks the way for latecomers." Liu Weibing, an engineer, said with emotion that the variable speed technology is not difficult. What is difficult is how to circumvent patent restrictions and avoid falling into patent disputes with international brands.

　　"How difficult is it to bypass patent restrictions? For example, the transmission will sleep when the bicycle is at rest, and the car will move and need to be woken up. Shimano applied for the patent of transmission vibration sensor in China. In order to avoid infringement, Blueprint Technology has developed an angle sensor and an acceleration sensor for wake-up operation. But because the vibration sensor technology has been perfected after dozens of iterations. However, our technology application time is short, and there are still many bugs that need to be fixed, which is worse in stability. " Liu Chunsheng said.

　　"Our thinking is, on the one hand, to steadily promote the development of mechanical transmission, on the other hand, to open up new technical routes by changing lanes." Liu Chunsheng said that it is difficult for domestic enterprises to shake Shimano’s dominant position in mechanical speed change, but in electronic speed change, relying on China’s solid electronic information industry foundation, we are confident to solve the problem of "sticking the neck".

　　In March of this year, Blueprint Technology launched the first highway transmission kit integrating hydraulic disc brake and electronic transmission in China — — Blueprint eRX road vehicle electronic transmission kit, vigorously layout the electronic transmission market. At the 31st China International Bicycle Exhibition held recently, Lanxi Lunfeng Car Material Co., Ltd. also brought its own electronic transmission kit for road vehicles.

　　In addition to patents, precision machining capabilities also need to be improved. The relevant person in charge of the Guangdong Bicycle Association said that high-end transmissions require even higher manufacturing accuracy than watches. "Unlike mechanical watches, which are in a stable state most of the time, bicycle transmissions are in high-speed motion for a long time, and the accuracy of parts is very high. The processing accuracy of some parts should reach one tenth or even one percent of the diameter of hair."

　　For processing enterprises, such accuracy is not difficult to achieve, the difficulty lies in how to balance the relationship between cost and quality. The products provided by big suppliers can meet the accuracy requirements, but they are unwilling to do it because of the small order volume. Small suppliers are willing to do it, but the machining accuracy is unstable.

　　How to solve the processing problem? Surida chooses to use the products of foreign big brand suppliers, but it has to bear higher prices. Blueprint Technology also adopted the form of outsourcing before, but with the scale expansion, it began to consider cultivating its own suppliers, or even building its own supply chain, but it took longer and more investment.

　　In addition to patent barriers and processing accuracy, materials are also a problem. A person in charge of a domestic transmission manufacturer told reporters that the transmission requires high hardness and toughness of materials. However, at present, the domestic steel products are brittle with strong rigidity, and the hardness with strong toughness is not enough, so the overall performance can not reach the quality of similar products abroad.

　　According to experts, the annual demand for steel in the domestic bicycle industry is about 3 million tons, and the consumption of transmission steel is even less. This demand is far from being a big customer for iron and steel enterprises. If we cooperate in the research and development of special steel for transmission, the research and development cost is a problem, and whether the order quantity can meet the mass production standard after research and development is another problem.

　　Liu Weibing believes that from the R&D point of view, the high-quality development of bicycle industry needs the cooperation of technology, technology and materials. At the same time, this test is how to balance the relationship between short-term interests and long-term strategy.

　　In the interview, the reporter found that some cyclists pay more attention to parts brands than vehicle brands. For example, the price difference of the same giant vehicle can even be several thousand yuan if different brands of transmissions are used. This is the brand premium.

　　Qian Heng, the head of Beijing Kangaroo Bicycle Club and a senior cyclist, said, "The foreign high-end transmission is not only of good quality, strong stability, accurate speed change and continuous speed change without trip stop, but also looks like a connotative handicraft. It is very recognized inside and outside the circle. "

　　"In recent years, domestic transmission companies have made great progress, and some products have gradually established a reputation, but they still need to improve their quality and cultivate consumers’ habits." For Qian Heng, it will take time for high-end domestic transmissions to be widely used by vehicle manufacturers and widely accepted by consumers.

　　There are many difficulties and great difficulties, but it does not mean that it is difficult for domestic transmission enterprises to have a bright future. "One car is hard to find" brings an excellent window period. Because of the shortage of foreign brand transmissions last year, domestic automakers began to partially use domestic high-end transmissions on mid-to high-end models.

　　With the help of Dongfeng, domestic transmission enterprises quickly make up the position in output. Blueprint Technology will achieve an average annual operating income of over 100 million yuan in 2020 and close to 200 million yuan in 2021. In 2019, Surida’s annual revenue was only a few million yuan, and it doubled in 2020 and 2021, and its revenue in 2022 exceeded 30 million yuan.

　　In June, 2022, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and other five departments jointly issued the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the High-quality Development of Light Industry, officially including bicycle transmissions in key technology research and development projects. The research and manufacture of bicycle transmission will have more new expectations.

　　Operation:

　　Don’t be misled by the wrong market signal.

　　The shortcomings in research and development have not affected the total output of bicycles. However, the constant switching of enterprise’s operation strategy and the invariability of product strategy bring a lot of disturbance to the transformation and upgrading of the industry.

　　A few years ago, the bike-sharing agitation disrupted the pace of industry development, delayed the pace of industrial transformation and upgrading, and delayed the problem of "hard to find a car" so far.

　　How big is the impact of bike-sharing agitation on the industry? "At that time, bike-sharing’s big orders stunned many companies." Zhang Xudong said that as soon as the orders for millions of vehicles came, many enterprises tried their best to expand their production capacity, and Colin went to six new production lines at that time. As an export-oriented enterprise, the company’s production capacity in bike-sharing at that time was once higher than that in export.

　　The technical director and reporter of Shenzhen Xinlong Health Industry Development Co., Ltd. told another story: At that time, the welder who welded the frame in the factory hurried out as soon as he got off work, and he was still very tired every day. Quietly inquired, I realized that this welder took a job outside, which is to work hard for small enterprises to make bike-sharing.

　　During the bike-sharing boom from 2016 to 2018, all enterprises, workers and capital were stimulated by the boom and gradually lost their minds. Large and small enterprises have adjusted their original strategic layout and added bike-sharing.

　　Success is shared, and failure is shared. Many business people believe that the impact of bike-sharing agitation on bicycle enterprises is comprehensive, which not only disrupts the production rhythm of enterprises, but also increases the production cost. Xu Weiyao said that at that time, the demand for aluminum alloy in the domestic bicycle industry was 2 million tons per year, and the order from bike-sharing directly raised the demand to more than 5 million tons. The surge in demand also raised the price of aluminum alloy in disguise. This requires enterprises to "pay the bill".

　　Bike-sharing agitation is like a mirror, which shows the cruelty of the market and the most real ability of enterprises.

　　However, it is also bike-sharing, which makes the concept of cycling more deeply rooted in people’s hearts, and also increases the stable source of orders for the industry.

　　At present, the market structure in bike-sharing is initially determined, and three bike-sharing brands, namely Meituan, Harrow and Qingju, are more rational in product delivery. The annual output of bike-sharing has remained at around 5 million vehicles, which has been greatly reduced compared with the peak of 20 million vehicles in 2017, but it has provided a strong guarantee for the industry to ride out the crisis smoothly.

　　After the impact of bike-sharing, the industry once again experienced a "roller coaster" market.

　　In 2020, with the outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic, "cycling fever" spread all over the world. The increase in cycling demand has led to a sharp increase in bicycle production and sales. The national bicycle production has rapidly increased from 65 million in 2019 to 75.275 million in 2020. Among them, the number of bicycles exported in 2020 was 60.297 million, a year-on-year increase of 14.8%. In 2021, the total output reached 76.39 million vehicles, reaching a new high. However, with the relief of the epidemic and the saturation of demand, the output fell rapidly again, and the contradiction gradually exposed.

　　According to the data of China Bicycle Association, from January to March this year, 8.711 million bicycles were exported, down 33.4% year-on-year; The export value was US$ 828 million, a year-on-year decrease of 21.4%. In fact, since the second half of 2021, the growth rate of bicycle exports has begun to drop significantly.

　　There are two main reasons for the decline of export market. Wu Jincheng, president of Fujitec Group, told reporters that one is that overseas markets are generally facing high inflationary pressures and consumers’ purchasing power is declining. The other is high inventory. Since the outbreak of the epidemic, overseas dealers have hoarded a large number of bicycles and spare parts in response to the surge in demand and the inconvenience of shipping, resulting in excessive inventory. High inventory and low demand directly lead to a decline in exports.

　　Faced with the huge overseas market demand in the early stage, many bicycle companies quickly turned their bows, adjusted their strategies and expanded their production capacity. But when external demand drops, it is not so easy to shrink production capacity.

　　With weak export, will enterprises shift their sales focus to China? As a typical export-oriented industry, how can the bicycle industry adapt to the new development pattern with the domestic big cycle as the main body and the domestic and international double cycles promoting each other?

　　Guo Wenyu believes that under the new development pattern, bicycle enterprises should strive to explore the domestic market, while consolidating the demand of bike-sharing, constantly meet the demand of consumption upgrading, enhance the added value of products, increase the share of independent brands, and let more China brands return to consumers.

　　Ai Media Consulting analysts believe that the bike-sharing turmoil and the decline in exports have brought two inspirations to the bicycle industry: First, enterprises should have long-term operating strategies, adhere to stable development and steady operation, and not be biased by wrong market signals; Second, enterprises can not be satisfied with OEM, but should strive to develop their own brands and increase the added value of products, so as to gain a firm foothold in the market.

　　Small profits but quick turnover are the advantages and strategies of the bicycle industry for many years. However, in the case that the sales volume has not changed much, any trouble in raw materials, labor and freight will have a great impact on the enterprise. In the past two years, bicycle companies have been hit by rising costs.

　　Zhang Xiaoping, general manager of Guangzhou Trinidad Sales, said that in 2021, foreign trade enterprises, including bicycle enterprises, will face the problem of "one box is hard to find". In the face of difficulties, bicycle companies try to deal with them. In order to save costs, Tianjin Kelin Vehicle Co., Ltd. adopts the mode of transshipment and merger, tries to avoid direct arrival in Hong Kong, and at the same time reduces transportation costs by merging with other goods. Some enterprises with strong bargaining power will also negotiate with customers and ask them to share the pressure of rising freight rates.

　　As raw materials for bicycle frames, the prices of aluminum alloys and magnesium alloys have increased greatly. According to estimates, when the price of aluminum is at the highest point, the manufacturing cost of a bicycle rises in 20 yuan. For enterprises that focus on low-end models, they can only continue to compress profits and bear the pressure of rising costs. However, for enterprises with a relatively high proportion of mid-to high-end models, the impact of price increases can be digested by increasing the price of products.

　　In mid-2022, the China Bicycle Association released a report saying that by the end of 2021, the ex-factory price of upstream raw materials had increased by more than 15% year-on-year. In April 2022, the ex-factory price of durable consumer goods, including bicycles and electric bicycles, decreased by 0.1% year-on-year, and enterprises assumed most of the cost pressure, and the profit margin was further compressed.

　　This year, the price of bicycle raw materials has declined, and the cost of shipping has dropped greatly. However, the bicycle industry is facing new problems: the comprehensive cost continues to rise; Some small and medium-sized enterprises shut down, and the foundation of industrial recovery is not firm; Domestic and international consumer demand is insufficient, and export orders have not fully recovered.

　　According to this expert, for heavy asset enterprises such as bicycle enterprises, in order to transform and innovate to improve quality, it is necessary to change the operation mode and develop towards high added value such as high-end and branding.

　　The relevant person in charge of the China Bicycle Association believes that we should look at some problems encountered in the current industry from a macro perspective. The long-term positive trend of China’s economy has not changed, nor has the international competitive advantage and development resilience formed by the industry. Enterprises should maintain strategic strength, continue to tap the potential of the domestic market, expand domestic demand and protect exports, continue to consolidate the recovery trend of operation, and ensure steady and progressive operation throughout the year.

　　Input:

　　Where does the innovative capital come from?

　　The innovation and development of bicycle industry, whether it is to increase research and development, expand production capacity, adjust product structure or carry out brand promotion, can not be separated from financial assistance. But an embarrassing reality is that there is no money.

　　Judging from its own situation, the profitability of the domestic bicycle industry is weak and the capital investment is generally insufficient. "The most expensive component of bicycles is the transmission, which can account for 40% of the cost of the whole vehicle, but most of this profit is earned by foreign companies, and domestic companies are more concentrated in low-profit links such as frame and paint." Zhang Xudong said.

　　Yang Yufeng, general manager of Jinlun Group, believes that the competition in the domestic bicycle industry is fierce, and the profit rate of individual enterprises is even less than 3%. With such a low profit margin, enterprises mainly rely on scale to win.

　　It has been reported that from the perspective of product positioning, the products of China’s bicycle enterprises are mainly low-end products, with low technical content and low added value, resulting in low profit margin. In recent years, the total profit of China’s bicycle manufacturing industry has steadily increased, but the profit rate level fluctuates.

　　According to the data of China Bicycle Association, in 2022, the operating income of enterprises above designated size of bicycles and electric bicycles was 210 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 3%; Profits exceeded 10 billion yuan, up more than 20% year-on-year. Among them, the profit margin of bicycle industry increased to 5.4%. In the first quarter of 2023, the profit rate of bicycle industry revenue was 3.3%.

　　Low profit means that there will be no high return, and it is difficult to attract funds.

　　"Capital is profit-seeking. Low profits are hard to attract the attention of capital. Enterprises can only change their business ideas and produce mid-to high-end models with higher profit margins, and it is possible to increase the profit margin to more than 10%, but the transformation will face great market risks. " Yang Yufeng said.

　　In fact, the current capital has invested in the bicycle industry, but it is mainly concentrated in two areas: one is competitive sports, and the other is electrification and intelligence.

　　Zhang Xudong said that capital investment in head enterprises that do well in competitive sports does not value their manufacturing level, but that competitive events can bring huge profits. For example, the capital is interested in the Tour de France team because of its high attention and great influence, which plays an obvious role in driving the brand.

　　Apart from low profits, capital is not familiar with the bicycle industry. Yang Yufeng said that a lot of capital didn’t go to the market to do research, didn’t understand the sales situation of domestic bicycle enterprises in the market, especially in foreign markets, lacked understanding of products and were not sure about the development prospects of enterprises.

　　"This also reminds us that to find reasons from ourselves, traditional bicycle companies should frequently interact with capital." Guo Wenyu said that we welcome capital to enter, and hope that more attention and support from social capital can also help the industry to grow and develop. To this end, the China Bicycle Association has taken active actions and organized many activities to connect key enterprises in the industry with venture capital.

　　Capital is "not cold" to bicycle companies, and another important reason is that companies can’t tell stories. Yang Yufeng said that in order to attract capital to join, it is necessary to tell your own story well and let capital see the future of the enterprise. In contrast, some bicycle companies enthusiastically embrace electrification and intelligence, and put forward many new concepts, which are quite concerned by the market.

　　Xu Weiyao did not use "telling stories", but replaced it with the word "vision". "An important factor for bicycle companies to attract capital is to have a vision, and the vision should conform to the future industrial development trend. I only know how to expand the scale and increase production. Without a vision, it is difficult to win favor. "

　　What is a vision? In the lobby of Shenzhen Xinlong Health Industry Development Co., Ltd., from bicycle parts to scooters and ordinary bicycles to wheelchairs, all products are lined up in turn, and the product line covers the whole life cycle of people. "The vision of Xinlong is great health." Xu Weizhen introduced that in 2016, Xinlong changed its company name from Xinlong Industry to Xinlong Health.

　　Zhang Xiaoping believes that domestic bicycle enterprises are generally small in size, and it is the big enterprises that achieve an output value of several billion yuan. At the same time, the domestic industry structure is relatively fixed, the head enterprises are developing well, and it is difficult for the latter enterprises to catch up, and it is even more difficult to have a chance to break the game. This is also a reason why capital is unwilling to invest.

　　"Since it was founded in 2013, we have been trying to find a way ‘ Make money ’ 。” Liu Chunsheng said that only money can solve the most critical R&D problems of enterprises. He admits that domestic bicycle companies only have a profit margin of 3% to 7%, which is difficult to support high R&D expenditure. Only venture capital can alleviate this pressure. For Blueprint Technology, it is the joint investment of Shenzhen Venture Capital and Gaoyao Capital that has solved the urgent need.

　　Xidesheng’s attitude towards capital is relatively calm. Lin Jing said that although the company’s listing plan is progressing, it is still based on safety. At present, Internet companies are expanding rapidly by the east wind of capital, which brings both opportunities and challenges. "The thinking of enterprises that started from the manufacturing industry is different from that of Internet enterprises. It is still necessary to do business one step at a time."

　　The entry of capital is not just about money. Taking Xinlong Health as an example, Xu Weiyao said that listing not only brings sufficient funds to enterprises, but also helps enterprises to improve corporate governance, consolidate basic management and achieve standardized development. Modern corporate governance structure is more likely to be recognized by overseas customers and also helps to enhance brand image.

　　In fact, there are many listed companies in the industry. Bicycle companies include Zhonglu, Shanghai Phoenix and Xinlong Health, and electric bicycle companies include Yadea Holdings, Xinri, Emma Technology, No.9 Company and Mavericks Electric. These listed companies not only lead the development of the industry in scale, but also lead the industry in standardization.

　　Affected by this, some bicycle leading enterprises that have not yet been listed have begun to arrange listing financing.

　　Wu Jincheng introduced that in June 2022, Fujita launched a listing plan to land in the capital market. According to the previous process, enterprises need to go through the project filing and EIA review of new projects before they can submit the prospectus to the Shanghai Stock Exchange and strive to submit materials this year.

　　Zhang Xiaoping said that Trinidad has been selected into the list of 100 companies to be listed in Guangzhou, and the listing plan is in progress. Yang Yufeng revealed to reporters that Jinlun Group is also making preparatory work and striving to complete the listing within three years.

　　Upgrade:

　　Brand building and industrial ecology

　　There is a view that the bicycle industry is very important, but in comparison, the output value is not very large, the profit is not high, and it is not a big country, and it basically does not involve national security. Some key parts can’t be developed by enterprises, so just spend money to buy them. Even if foreign enterprises don’t sell them, it won’t have much impact. Why do you have to master all the technologies in your own hands?

　　In this regard, Guo Wenyu answered firmly and decisively. "Bicycle companies do research and development and break through ‘ Get stuck in the neck ’ Technology is to get rid of control, realize self-reliance in science and technology, and improve the industry’s right to speak in the global industrial chain. If you have been wandering in the low end, there is no technological breakthrough. Once the advantage is lost and the industrial chain shifts outward, enterprises will face the test of life and death. As a national industry and a national brand, such a result is unacceptable. "

　　"There is another important reason. Enterprises carry out scientific and technological innovation and overcome technical difficulties in order to benchmark the advanced, learn from the development experience of foreign enterprises and strengthen themselves. If an enterprise has no goals and pursuits, but just earns immediate money, how can it get rid of the quagmire of low-end competition and how can it maintain its long-term success? " Guo Wenyu said.

　　The high-quality development of bicycle industry needs to promote technological innovation, but it is difficult to have subversive changes when the bicycle structure has not changed much, and more innovations are subtle.

　　Xu Weiyao said: "In the eyes of outsiders, bicycle research and development is only a change of some angles and parameters, and there is no new creation, but it is these nuances that are the essence of the industry. Bicycle companies can only build a good car if they know more about it. "

　　Xu Weiyao gave an example: "Chip manufacturing is very difficult, but it is more difficult to control the defective rate. Controlling the non-performing rate controls the cost and consolidates the advantages. Similarly, for bicycle companies, process control and quality management are sometimes more important than technological innovation. "

　　The main product of Ningbo Henglong Vehicle Industry Co., Ltd. is a small front bowl on a bicycle, with an annual output of nearly 50 million sets. On such a large scale, the product size error is only about 0.03 mm. Hu Ruke, the person in charge of the company, believes that the key to achieving good consistency and stability lies in process control.

　　Wang Chaoyang, president of Shanghai Phoenix Bicycle Co., Ltd. said that in the process of breaking through to the high end, the industry needs to calm down, abandon low-price competition, strengthen support and mutual assistance within the industry, do a good job in research and development of important parts, and further improve the high-quality development level of the bicycle industry.

　　Facing the trend of intelligentization and electrification, the White Paper on Intelligent Development of Bicycles and Electric Bicycles in China (2022 Edition) points out that the industry is characterized by the backward shift of the industrial value chain, the increase of the total amount, the gradual acceleration of the application of information technology, the steady progress of intelligent production upgrading and the gradual obvious trend of platform management, and the continuous intelligent upgrading has become an inevitable road for the transformation of vehicle enterprises.

　　According to industry experts, at present, the intelligent development of bicycle enterprises mainly has two aspects, on the one hand, hardware intelligence and software intelligence. Bicycle companies have joined the Internet of Things application through technical cooperation with companies such as Ali and Huawei, providing more choices for cyclists.

　　On the other hand, it is the construction of intelligent platform. In the investigation, the reporter found that the automation rate of domestic bicycle enterprises is not very high as a whole. Intelligent manufacturing is more used in welding, painting, stamping and other links. For the sake of production cost, small batch and multi-variety processes are mainly manual.

　　How can bicycle enterprises develop with high quality? The common answer is: technological innovation, transformation and upgrading. There is another point that cannot be ignored: building a brand.

　　Zhang Xudong believes that efforts should be made to cultivate private brands, and brand promotion and operation should be done well on the basis of consolidating product quality and after-sales service. Although some vehicle companies have their own brands, they have not been carefully managed and planned.

　　Yang Yufeng also agrees with the role of brands. He stressed: "Brand promotion needs a process, including the cultivation of consumers’ habits, the improvement of sales promotion channels and the promotion through professional competitions, and more time and money should be spent on marketing."

　　It is a common practice for well-known bicycle companies to participate in competitive competitions and improve brand awareness. For example, both Giant and Merida have a place in the Tour de France, and both have their own named teams, commonly known as "factory teams". Since they are factory teams, they ride their own brand cars, and their exposure is self-evident.

　　In order to promote the brand, Xidesheng set up its own intercontinental motorcade many years ago, and used the experience of Giant and Merida for reference to promote its own brand by sending players to participate in various professional competitions. By sponsoring the motorcade, Trinidad has also made its own brand logo on the stage of international competitions frequently.

　　In addition to participating in competitive competitions, vigorously laying out domestic and foreign sales networks is also an important measure to enhance brand awareness. Lin Jing introduced that at present, Xidesheng has more than 2,000 specialty stores in China, but less than 20 abroad. The next step of brand layout is to increase efforts to "go global".

　　Zhang Xiaoping said that at present, Trinidad has nearly 2,000 sales points in China, and it is going to build the sales points into exclusive stores to enhance its brand image and professionalism. At the same time, it will invest 5 million to 8 million yuan every year to establish image stores in first-tier cities.

　　Bicycle enterprises, including Blueprint Technology, Xidesheng, Trinidad and other enterprises, not only vigorously promote offline, but also increase their promotion efforts on online platforms where young people gather, such as bilibili, Xiaohongshu and Aauto Quicker.

　　As a permanent national brand, it has gone further on the road of promotion. At the 31st China International Bicycle Exhibition, the booth of Permanent Brand was crowded, and several young people on the stage were playing cosplay. Yan Yiming, Chairman of Shanghai Permanent Bicycle Co., Ltd., introduced that since 2016, he has been cooperating with the glory of the king, Peace Elite and other e-sports across the border to increase the promotion of young people. "Let everyone see that old brands can also be very fashionable."

　　The high-quality development of industry needs a good ecology. Since 2010, China electric bicycle and parts industrial base, China famous bicycle town, China bicycle parts and children’s bicycle industrial base, China electric bicycle industrial base, China bicycle parts and children’s bicycle capital, and China electric vehicle industrial base have been established one after another.

　　After more than 10 years of key support and supporting construction, the bicycle industry has not only formed a three-legged industrial pattern, but also cultivated four regions with vehicle characteristics and four regions with parts characteristics, covering five provinces and cities in the seven major producing areas of the industry, half of which are national.

　　Liu Jun, director of the Bicycle and Electric Vehicle Industry Center of the Industry Promotion Department of Tianjin Ziya Economic and Technological Development Zone High-tech Industrial Park Development Co., Ltd., said that the growth of the industrial chain is like planting crops, which needs fertile soil, sunshine and rain, and also needs to be cultivated. Our goal is to create a good ecological environment in which bicycle enterprises can go up and up again.

　　Yang Yufeng always remembers that when he was a child, his father used to ride a bicycle and travel with his family, which attracted the envy of others. Today, he still likes cycling, and he likes the fitness experience and carefree mood brought by cycling.

　　The change of a bicycle’s function and function is the epitome of economic development and social progress, and it is also the purpose of traditional manufacturing industry to constantly adapt to market changes and meet consumer demand.

　　A bicycle industry, one end of which is connected with the practice of manufacturing a powerful country, and the other end is connected with the people’s yearning for a better life. It is also a supporting industry for regional economic development and an advantageous industry for exporting foreign exchange, and it is a veritable industry for enriching the people and people’s livelihood. In today’s high-quality development, the bicycle industry will climb over more gullies and head for a better future.

　　Zhang Qiang

　　Tornadoes are so powerful that they can throw heavy objects on the ground into the air at once. And what if the plane in the air encounters a tornado?

　　Most tornadoes occur in the troposphere, where the temperature difference is obvious and the weather is complex and changeable. The cruise phase of large passenger planes is mainly in the upper troposphere or stratosphere and will not be affected by tornadoes. Although in the take-off and landing phase, domestic airports are generally strictly located and will not be built in areas with high tornado incidence, everything happens by accident, and there are also cases where airplanes pass by tornadoes:
　　　　　　　 On April 30, 2014, the central part of the United States was hit by a strong tornado, and a helicopter crashed after being sucked by the tornado in the process of chasing the wind.
　　　　　　　 In January, 2015, a plane in Lebanon passed by a huge tornado while flying, flying calmly and calmly, as easily as soy sauce. Let’s just say that the pilot is too courageous.
　　　　　　　 On June 14th, 2014, there was a small vortex (a tornado that didn’t reach EF0 level) on the North Road of Capital Airport. The decades-old trees on the side of the North Road of Airport were cut off by the waist, and the entrance of the flight corps was a mess …
　　　　　　　 In order to deal with these tornadoes that come and go quickly, and other bad weather, Doppler radars are built in major airports in China, and meteorologists monitor strong convective weather such as thunderstorms and hail 24 hours a day. If the Doppler radar finds the "primary embryo" of the tornado or it has been generated, the meteorologists will strengthen monitoring and tracking, analyze which direction these disastrous weather may move according to various data, and then issue weather warnings to those affected routes and airports.
　　　　　　　 For this daunting natural phenomenon, "hiding" is the best way to get out of danger. Before the flight, the flight crew will look at satellite cloud pictures, national weather radar puzzles and airport weather reports, understand the actual situation and weather forecast including thunderstorms and related dangerous weather conditions, and comprehensively consider the take-off alternate field, route weather, destination and other alternate field situations.
　　　　　　　 For passengers, if they want to know the weather in flight, they can use WeChat WeChat official account "AirportWeather" to extract airport weather reports, airport radar images and satellite cloud images before taking off or after landing. In addition, bumps and injuries at an altitude of 10,000 meters occur every summer. Passengers are advised to fasten their seat belts all the way.

　　(Source: The author of China Meteorological News is an engineer of Meteorological Center of North China Air Traffic Control Bureau of Civil Aviation. Editor: Wang Meili)